# Deprecated features

In general features are intended to be supported indefinitely once introduced into QEMU. In the event that a feature needs to be removed, it will be listed in this section. The feature will remain functional for the release in which it was deprecated and one further release. After these two releases, the feature is liable to be removed. Deprecated features may also generate warnings on the console when QEMU starts up, or if activated via a monitor command, however, this is not a mandatory requirement.

Prior to the 2.10.0 release there was no official policy on how long features would be deprecated prior to their removal, nor any documented list of which features were deprecated. Thus any features deprecated prior to 2.10.0 will be treated as if they were first deprecated in the 2.10.0 release.

What follows is a list of all features currently marked as deprecated.

## System emulator command line arguments

### `-usbdevice` (since 2.10.0)

The `-usbdevice DEV` argument is now a synonym for setting the `-device usb-DEV` argument instead. The deprecated syntax would automatically enable USB support on the machine type. If using the new syntax, USB support must be explicitly enabled via the `-machine usb=on` argument.

### `-drive file=json:{...{'driver':'file'}}` (since 3.0)

The ‘file’ driver for drives is no longer appropriate for character or host devices and will only accept regular files (S_IFREG). The correct driver for these file types is ‘host_cdrom’ or ‘host_device’ as appropriate.

### `-vnc acl` (since 4.0.0)

The `acl` option to the `-vnc` argument has been replaced by the `tls-authz` and `sasl-authz` options.

### `QEMU_AUDIO_` environment variables and `-audio-help` (since 4.0)

The `-audiodev` argument is now the preferred way to specify audio backend settings instead of environment variables. To ease migration to the new format, the `-audiodev-help` option can be used to convert the current values of the environment variables to `-audiodev` options.

### Creating sound card devices and vnc without `audiodev=` property (since 4.2)

When not using the deprecated legacy audio config, each sound card should specify an `audiodev=` property. Additionally, when using vnc, you should specify an `audiodev=` property if you plan to transmit audio through the VNC protocol.

### Creating sound card devices using `-soundhw` (since 5.1)

Sound card devices should be created using `-device` instead. The names are the same for most devices. The exceptions are `hda` which needs two devices (`-device intel-hda -device hda-duplex`) and `pcspk` which can be activated using `-machine pcspk-audiodev=<name>`.

### `-mon ...,control=readline,pretty=on|off` (since 4.1)

The `pretty=on|off` switch has no effect for HMP monitors, but is silently ignored. Using the switch with HMP monitors will become an error in the future.

### `-realtime` (since 4.1)

The `-realtime mlock=on|off` argument has been replaced by the `-overcommit mem-lock=on|off` argument.

### RISC-V `-bios` (since 5.1)

QEMU 4.1 introduced support for the -bios option in QEMU for RISC-V for the RISC-V virt machine and sifive_u machine. QEMU 4.1 had no changes to the default behaviour to avoid breakages.

QEMU 5.1 changes the default behaviour from `-bios none` to `-bios default`.

QEMU 5.1 has three options:
  1. `-bios default` - This is the current default behavior if no -bios option

       is included. This option will load the default OpenSBI firmware automatically. The firmware is included with the QEMU release and no user interaction is required. All a user needs to do is specify the kernel they want to boot with the -kernel option

  2. `-bios none` - QEMU will not automatically load any firmware. It is up

       to the user to load all the images they need.

  3. `-bios <file>` - Tells QEMU to load the specified file as the firmwrae.

### `-tb-size` option (since 5.0)

QEMU 5.0 introduced an alternative syntax to specify the size of the translation block cache, `-accel tcg,tb-size=`. The new syntax deprecates the previously available `-tb-size` option.

### `-show-cursor` option (since 5.0)

Use `-display sdl,show-cursor=on` or

  `-display gtk,show-cursor=on` instead.

### `Configuring floppies with ``-global`

Use `-device floppy,...` instead:

    -global isa-fdc.driveA=...
    -global sysbus-fdc.driveA=...
    -global SUNW,fdtwo.drive=...

become

    -device floppy,unit=0,drive=...

and

    -global isa-fdc.driveB=...
    -global sysbus-fdc.driveB=...

become

    -device floppy,unit=1,drive=...

### `-drive` with bogus interface type

Drives with interface types other than `if=none` are for onboard devices. It is possible to use drives the board doesn’t pick up with -device. This usage is now deprecated. Use `if=none` instead.

## QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands

### `change` (since 2.5.0)

Use `blockdev-change-medium` or `change-vnc-password` instead.

### `blockdev-open-tray`, `blockdev-close-tray` argument `device` (since 2.8.0)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `eject` argument `device` (since 2.8.0)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `blockdev-change-medium` argument `device` (since 2.8.0)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `block_set_io_throttle` argument `device` (since 2.8.0)

Use argument `id` instead.

### `migrate_set_downtime` and `migrate_set_speed` (since 2.8.0)

Use `migrate-set-parameters` instead.

### `query-named-block-nodes` result `encryption_key_missing` (since 2.10.0)

Always false.

### `query-block` result `inserted.encryption_key_missing` (since 2.10.0)

Always false.

### `blockdev-add` empty string argument `backing` (since 2.10.0)

Use argument value `null` instead.

### `migrate-set-cache-size` and `query-migrate-cache-size` (since 2.11.0)

Use `migrate-set-parameters` and `query-migrate-parameters` instead.

### `block-commit` arguments `base` and `top` (since 3.1.0)

Use arguments `base-node` and `top-node` instead.

### `object-add` option `props` (since 5.0)

Specify the properties for the object as top-level arguments instead.

### `query-named-block-nodes` and `query-block` result dirty-bitmaps[i].status (since 4.0)

The `status` field of the `BlockDirtyInfo` structure, returned by these commands is deprecated. Two new boolean fields, `recording` and `busy` effectively replace it.

### `query-block` result field `dirty-bitmaps` (Since 4.2)

The `dirty-bitmaps` field of the `BlockInfo` structure, returned by the query-block command is itself now deprecated. The `dirty-bitmaps` field of the `BlockDeviceInfo` struct should be used instead, which is the type of the `inserted` field in query-block replies, as well as the type of array items in query-named-block-nodes.

Since the `dirty-bitmaps` field is optionally present in both the old and new locations, clients must use introspection to learn where to anticipate the field if/when it does appear in command output.

### `query-cpus` (since 2.12.0)

The `query-cpus` command is replaced by the `query-cpus-fast` command.

### `query-cpus-fast` `arch` output member (since 3.0.0)

The `arch` output member of the `query-cpus-fast` command is replaced by the `target` output member.

### `query-events` (since 4.0)

The `query-events` command has been superseded by the more powerful and accurate `query-qmp-schema` command.

### chardev client socket with `wait` option (since 4.0)

Character devices creating sockets in client mode should not specify the ‘wait’ field, which is only applicable to sockets in server mode

### `nbd-server-add` and `nbd-server-remove` (since 5.2)

Use the more generic commands `block-export-add` and `block-export-del` instead. As part of this deprecation, where `nbd-server-add` used a single `bitmap`, the new `block-export-add` uses a list of `bitmaps`.

## Human Monitor Protocol (HMP) commands

### `acl_show`, `acl_reset`, `acl_policy`, `acl_add`, `acl_remove` (since 4.0.0)

The `acl_show`, `acl_reset`, `acl_policy`, `acl_add`, and `acl_remove` commands are deprecated with no replacement. Authorization for VNC should be performed using the pluggable QAuthZ objects.

## System emulator CPUS

### `moxie` CPU (since 5.2.0)

The `moxie` guest CPU support is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of QEMU. It’s unclear whether anybody is still using CPU emulation in QEMU, and there are no test images available to make sure that the code is still working.

### `compat` property of server class POWER CPUs (since 5.0)

The `compat` property used to set backwards compatibility modes for the processor has been deprecated. The `max-cpu-compat` property of the `pseries` machine type should be used instead.

### `lm32` CPUs (since 5.2.0)

The `lm32` guest CPU support is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of QEMU. The only public user of this architecture was the milkymist project, which has been dead for years; there was never an upstream Linux port.

### `unicore32` CPUs (since 5.2.0)

The `unicore32` guest CPU support is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of QEMU. Support for this CPU was removed from the upstream Linux kernel, and there is no available upstream toolchain to build binaries for it.

### `Icelake-Client` CPU Model (since 5.2.0)

`Icelake-Client` CPU Models are deprecated. Use `Icelake-Server` CPU Models instead.

### MIPS `I7200` CPU Model (since 5.2)

The `I7200` guest CPU relies on the nanoMIPS ISA, which is deprecated (the ISA has never been upstreamed to a compiler toolchain). Therefore this CPU is also deprecated.

## System emulator devices

### `ide-drive` (since 4.2)

The ‘ide-drive’ device is deprecated. Users should use ‘ide-hd’ or ‘ide-cd’ as appropriate to get an IDE hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.

### `scsi-disk` (since 4.2)

The ‘scsi-disk’ device is deprecated. Users should use ‘scsi-hd’ or ‘scsi-cd’ as appropriate to get a SCSI hard disk or CD-ROM as needed.

## System emulator machines

### mips `fulong2e` machine (since 5.1)

This machine has been renamed `fuloong2e`.

### `pc-1.0`, `pc-1.1`, `pc-1.2` and `pc-1.3` (since 5.0)

These machine types are very old and likely can not be used for live migration from old QEMU versions anymore. A newer machine type should be used instead.

### Raspberry Pi `raspi2` and `raspi3` machines (since 5.2)

The Raspberry Pi machines come in various models (A, A+, B, B+). To be able to distinguish which model QEMU is implementing, the `raspi2` and `raspi3` machines have been renamed `raspi2b` and `raspi3b`.

## Device options

### Emulated device options

#### `-device virtio-blk,scsi=on|off` (since 5.0.0)

The virtio-blk SCSI passthrough feature is a legacy VIRTIO feature. VIRTIO 1.0 and later do not support it because the virtio-scsi device was introduced for full SCSI support. Use virtio-scsi instead when SCSI passthrough is required.

Note this also applies to `-device virtio-blk-pci,scsi=on|off`, which is an alias.

### Block device options

#### `"backing": ""` (since 2.12.0)

In order to prevent QEMU from automatically opening an image’s backing chain, use `"backing": null` instead.

#### `rbd` keyvalue pair encoded filenames: `""` (since 3.1.0)

Options for `rbd` should be specified according to its runtime options, like other block drivers. Legacy parsing of keyvalue pair encoded filenames is useful to open images with the old format for backing files; These image files should be updated to use the current format.

Example of legacy encoding:

    json:{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.filename":"rbd:rbd/name"}

The above, converted to the current supported format:

    json:{"file.driver":"rbd", "file.pool":"rbd", "file.image":"name"}

#### `sheepdog` driver (since 5.2.0)

The `sheepdog` block device driver is deprecated. The corresponding upstream server project is no longer actively maintained. Users are recommended to switch to an alternative distributed block device driver such as RBD. The `qemu-img convert` command can be used to liberate existing data by moving it out of sheepdog volumes into an alternative storage backend.

## linux-user mode CPUs

### `tilegx` CPUs (since 5.1.0)

The `tilegx` guest CPU support (which was only implemented in linux-user mode) is deprecated and will be removed in a future version of QEMU. Support for this CPU was removed from the upstream Linux kernel in 2018, and has also been dropped from glibc.

### `ppc64abi32` CPUs (since 5.2.0)

The `ppc64abi32` architecture has a number of issues which regularly trip up our CI testing and is suspected to be quite broken. For that reason the maintainers strongly suspect no one actually uses it.

### MIPS `I7200` CPU (since 5.2)

The `I7200` guest CPU relies on the nanoMIPS ISA, which is deprecated (the ISA has never been upstreamed to a compiler toolchain). Therefore this CPU is also deprecated.

## Related binaries

### qemu-img amend to adjust backing file (since 5.1)

The use of `qemu-img amend` to modify the name or format of a qcow2 backing image is deprecated; this functionality was never fully documented or tested, and interferes with other amend operations that need access to the original backing image (such as deciding whether a v3 zero cluster may be left unallocated when converting to a v2 image). Rather, any changes to the backing chain should be performed with `qemu-img rebase -u` either before or after the remaining changes being performed by amend, as appropriate.

### qemu-img backing file without format (since 5.1)

The use of `qemu-img create`, `qemu-img rebase`, or `qemu-img convert` to create or modify an image that depends on a backing file now recommends that an explicit backing format be provided. This is for safety: if QEMU probes a different format than what you thought, the data presented to the guest will be corrupt; similarly, presenting a raw image to a guest allows a potential security exploit if a future probe sees a non-raw image based on guest writes.

To avoid the warning message, or even future refusal to create an unsafe image, you must pass `-o backing_fmt=` (or the shorthand `-F` during create) to specify the intended backing format. You may use `qemu-img rebase -u` to retroactively add a backing format to an existing image. However, be aware that there are already potential security risks to blindly using `qemu-img info` to probe the format of an untrusted backing image, when deciding what format to add into an existing image.

## Backwards compatibility

### Runnability guarantee of CPU models (since 4.1.0)

Previous versions of QEMU never changed existing CPU models in ways that introduced additional host software or hardware requirements to the VM. This allowed management software to safely change the machine type of an existing VM without introducing new requirements (“runnability guarantee”). This prevented CPU models from being updated to include CPU vulnerability mitigations, leaving guests vulnerable in the default configuration.

The CPU model runnability guarantee won’t apply anymore to existing CPU models. Management software that needs runnability guarantees must resolve the CPU model aliases using the `alias-of` field returned by the `query-cpu-definitions` QMP command.

While those guarantees are kept, the return value of `query-cpu-definitions` will have existing CPU model aliases point to a version that doesn’t break runnability guarantees (specifically, version 1 of those CPU models). In future QEMU versions, aliases will point to newer CPU model versions depending on the machine type, so management software must resolve CPU model aliases before starting a virtual machine.

## Guest Emulator ISAs

### nanoMIPS ISA

The `nanoMIPS` ISA has never been upstreamed to any compiler toolchain. As it is hard to generate binaries for it, declare it deprecated.

# Recently removed features

What follows is a record of recently removed, formerly deprecated features that serves as a record for users who have encountered trouble after a recent upgrade.

## System emulator command line arguments

### `-net ...,name=`name (removed in 5.1)

The `name` parameter of the `-net` option was a synonym for the `id` parameter, which should now be used instead.

### `-no-kvm` (removed in 5.2)

The `-no-kvm` argument was a synonym for setting `-machine accel=tcg`.

## QEMU Machine Protocol (QMP) commands

### `block-dirty-bitmap-add` “autoload” parameter (since 4.2.0)

The “autoload” parameter has been ignored since 2.12.0. All bitmaps are automatically loaded from qcow2 images.

### `cpu-add` (removed in 5.2)

Use `device_add` for hotplugging vCPUs instead of `cpu-add`. See documentation of `query-hotpluggable-cpus` for additional details.

## Human Monitor Protocol (HMP) commands

### The `hub_id` parameter of `hostfwd_add` / `hostfwd_remove` (removed in 5.0)

The `[hub_id name]` parameter tuple of the ‘hostfwd_add’ and ‘hostfwd_remove’ HMP commands has been replaced by `netdev_id`.

### `cpu-add` (removed in 5.2)

Use `device_add` for hotplugging vCPUs instead of `cpu-add`. See documentation of `query-hotpluggable-cpus` for additional details.

## Guest Emulator ISAs

### RISC-V ISA privilege specification version 1.09.1 (removed in 5.1)

The RISC-V ISA privilege specification version 1.09.1 has been removed. QEMU supports both the newer version 1.10.0 and the ratified version 1.11.0, these should be used instead of the 1.09.1 version.

## System emulator CPUS

### KVM guest support on 32-bit Arm hosts (removed in 5.2)

The Linux kernel has dropped support for allowing 32-bit Arm systems to host KVM guests as of the 5.7 kernel. Accordingly, QEMU is deprecating its support for this configuration and will remove it in a future version. Running 32-bit guests on a 64-bit Arm host remains supported.

### RISC-V ISA Specific CPUs (removed in 5.1)

The RISC-V cpus with the ISA version in the CPU name have been removed. The four CPUs are: `rv32gcsu-v1.9.1`, `rv32gcsu-v1.10.0`, `rv64gcsu-v1.9.1` and `rv64gcsu-v1.10.0`. Instead the version can be specified via the CPU `priv_spec` option when using the `rv32` or `rv64` CPUs.

### RISC-V no MMU CPUs (removed in 5.1)

The RISC-V no MMU cpus have been removed. The two CPUs: `rv32imacu-nommu` and `rv64imacu-nommu` can no longer be used. Instead the MMU status can be specified via the CPU `mmu` option when using the `rv32` or `rv64` CPUs.

## System emulator machines

### `spike_v1.9.1` and `spike_v1.10` (removed in 5.1)

The version specific Spike machines have been removed in favour of the generic `spike` machine. If you need to specify an older version of the RISC-V spec you can use the `-cpu rv64gcsu,priv_spec=v1.10.0` command line argument.

### mips `r4k` platform (removed in 5.2)

This machine type was very old and unmaintained. Users should use the `malta` machine type instead.

## Related binaries

### `qemu-nbd --partition` (removed in 5.0)

The `qemu-nbd --partition $digit` code (also spelled `-P`) could only handle MBR partitions, and never correctly handled logical partitions beyond partition 5. Exporting a partition can still be done by utilizing the `--image-opts` option with a raw blockdev using the `offset` and `size` parameters layered on top of any other existing blockdev. For example, if partition 1 is 100MiB long starting at 1MiB, the old command:

    qemu-nbd -t -P 1 -f qcow2 file.qcow2

can be rewritten as:

    qemu-nbd -t --image-opts driver=raw,offset=1M,size=100M,file.driver=qcow2,file.file.driver=file,file.file.filename=file.qcow2

### `qemu-img convert -n -o` (removed in 5.1)

All options specified in `-o` are image creation options, so they are now rejected when used with `-n` to skip image creation.

### `qemu-img create -b bad file $size` (removed in 5.1)

When creating an image with a backing file that could not be opened, `qemu-img create` used to issue a warning about the failure but proceed with the image creation if an explicit size was provided. However, as the `-u` option exists for this purpose, it is safer to enforce that any failure to open the backing image (including if the backing file is missing or an incorrect format was specified) is an error when `-u` is not used.

## Command line options

### `-smp` (invalid topologies) (removed 5.2)

CPU topology properties should describe whole machine topology including possible CPUs.

However, historically it was possible to start QEMU with an incorrect topology where n <= sockets * cores * threads < maxcpus, which could lead to an incorrect topology enumeration by the guest. Support for invalid topologies is removed, the user must ensure topologies described with -smp include all possible cpus, i.e. sockets * cores * threads = maxcpus.

### `-numa` node (without memory specified) (removed 5.2)

Splitting RAM by default between NUMA nodes had the same issues as `mem` parameter with the difference that the role of the user plays QEMU using implicit generic or board specific splitting rule. Use `memdev` with memory-backend-ram backend or `mem` (if it’s supported by used machine type) to define mapping explicitly instead. Users of existing VMs, wishing to preserve the same RAM distribution, should configure it explicitly using `-numa node,memdev` options. Current RAM distribution can be retrieved using HMP command `info numa` and if separate memory devices (pc|nv-dimm) are present use `info memory-device` and subtract device memory from output of `info numa`.

### `-numa node,mem=`size (removed in 5.1)

The parameter `mem` of `-numa node` was used to assign a part of guest RAM to a NUMA node. But when using it, it’s impossible to manage a specified RAM chunk on the host side (like bind it to a host node, setting bind policy, …), so the guest ends up with the fake NUMA configuration with suboptiomal performance. However since 2014 there is an alternative way to assign RAM to a NUMA node using parameter `memdev`, which does the same as `mem` and adds means to actually manage node RAM on the host side. Use parameter `memdev` with memory-backend-ram backend as replacement for parameter `mem` to achieve the same fake NUMA effect or a properly configured memory-backend-file backend to actually benefit from NUMA configuration. New machine versions (since 5.1) will not accept the option but it will still work with old machine types. User can check the QAPI schema to see if the legacy option is supported by looking at MachineInfo::numa-mem-supported property.

### `-mem-path` fallback to RAM (removed in 5.0)

If guest RAM allocation from file pointed by `mem-path` failed, QEMU was falling back to allocating from RAM, which might have resulted in unpredictable behavior since the backing file specified by the user as ignored. Currently, users are responsible for making sure the backing storage specified with `-mem-path` can actually provide the guest RAM configured with `-m` and QEMU fails to start up if RAM allocation is unsuccessful.

### `-smp` (invalid topologies) (removed 5.2)

CPU topology properties should describe whole machine topology including possible CPUs.

However, historically it was possible to start QEMU with an incorrect topology where n <= sockets * cores * threads < maxcpus, which could lead to an incorrect topology enumeration by the guest. Support for invalid topologies is removed, the user must ensure topologies described with -smp include all possible cpus, i.e. sockets * cores * threads = maxcpus.

### `-machine enforce-config-section=on|off` (removed 5.2)

The `enforce-config-section` property was replaced by the `-global migration.send-configuration={on|off}` option.

## Block devices

### VXHS backend (removed in 5.1)

The VXHS code does not compile since v2.12.0. It was removed in 5.1.