# Adjunct Processor (AP) Device

Contents

- Adjunct Processor (AP) Device

  - Introduction

  - AP Architectural Overview

  - Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) Instruction

    - Example 1: Valid configuration

    - Example 2: Valid configuration

    - Example 3: Invalid configuration

  - AP Matrix Configuration on Linux Host

    - Binding AP devices to device drivers

    - Configuring an AP matrix for a linux guest

    - Starting a Linux Guest Configured with an AP Matrix

    - Hot plug a vfio-ap device into a running guest

    - Hot unplug a vfio-ap device from a running guest

  - Example: Configure AP Matrices for Three Linux Guests

  - Limitations

## Introduction

The IBM Adjunct Processor (AP) Cryptographic Facility is comprised of three AP instructions and from 1 to 256 PCIe cryptographic adapter cards. These AP devices provide cryptographic functions to all CPUs assigned to a linux system running in an IBM Z system LPAR.

On s390x, AP adapter cards are exposed via the AP bus. This document describes how those cards may be made available to KVM guests using the VFIO mediated device framework.

## AP Architectural Overview

In order understand the terminology used in the rest of this document, let’s start with some definitions:

- AP adapter

  An AP adapter is an IBM Z adapter card that can perform cryptographic functions. There can be from 0 to 256 adapters assigned to an LPAR depending on the machine model. Adapters assigned to the LPAR in which a linux host is running will be available to the linux host. Each adapter is identified by a number from 0 to 255; however, the maximum adapter number allowed is determined by machine model. When installed, an AP adapter is accessed by AP instructions executed by any CPU.

- AP domain

  An adapter is partitioned into domains. Each domain can be thought of as a set of hardware registers for processing AP instructions. An adapter can hold up to 256 domains; however, the maximum domain number allowed is determined by machine model. Each domain is identified by a number from 0 to 255. Domains can be further classified into two types:

  > - Usage domains are domains that can be accessed directly to process AP commands

  > - Control domains are domains that are accessed indirectly by AP commands sent to a usage domain to control or change the domain; for example, to set a secure private key for the domain.

- AP Queue

  An AP queue is the means by which an AP command-request message is sent to an AP usage domain inside a specific AP. An AP queue is identified by a tuple comprised of an AP adapter ID (APID) and an AP queue index (APQI). The APQI corresponds to a given usage domain number within the adapter. This tuple forms an AP Queue Number (APQN) uniquely identifying an AP queue. AP instructions include a field containing the APQN to identify the AP queue to which the AP command-request message is to be sent for processing.

- AP Instructions:

  There are three AP instructions:

  - NQAP: to enqueue an AP command-request message to a queue

  - DQAP: to dequeue an AP command-reply message from a queue

  - PQAP: to administer the queues

  AP instructions identify the domain that is targeted to process the AP command; this must be one of the usage domains. An AP command may modify a domain that is not one of the usage domains, but the modified domain must be one of the control domains.

## Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) Instruction

A KVM guest is started by executing the Start Interpretive Execution (SIE) instruction. The SIE state description is a control block that contains the state information for a KVM guest and is supplied as input to the SIE instruction. The SIE state description contains a satellite control block called the Crypto Control Block (CRYCB). The CRYCB contains three fields to identify the adapters, usage domains and control domains assigned to the KVM guest:

- The AP Mask (APM) field is a bit mask that identifies the AP adapters assigned to the KVM guest. Each bit in the mask, from left to right, corresponds to an APID from 0-255. If a bit is set, the corresponding adapter is valid for use by the KVM guest.

- The AP Queue Mask (AQM) field is a bit mask identifying the AP usage domains assigned to the KVM guest. Each bit in the mask, from left to right, corresponds to an AP queue index (APQI) from 0-255. If a bit is set, the corresponding queue is valid for use by the KVM guest.

- The AP Domain Mask field is a bit mask that identifies the AP control domains assigned to the KVM guest. The ADM bit mask controls which domains can be changed by an AP command-request message sent to a usage domain from the guest. Each bit in the mask, from left to right, corresponds to a domain from 0-255. If a bit is set, the corresponding domain can be modified by an AP command-request message sent to a usage domain.

If you recall from the description of an AP Queue, AP instructions include an APQN to identify the AP adapter and AP queue to which an AP command-request message is to be sent (NQAP and PQAP instructions), or from which a command-reply message is to be received (DQAP instruction). The validity of an APQN is defined by the matrix calculated from the APM and AQM; it is the cross product of all assigned adapter numbers (APM) with all assigned queue indexes (AQM). For example, if adapters 1 and 2 and usage domains 5 and 6 are assigned to a guest, the APQNs (1,5), (1,6), (2,5) and (2,6) will be valid for the guest.

The APQNs can provide secure key functionality - i.e., a private key is stored on the adapter card for each of its domains - so each APQN must be assigned to at most one guest or the linux host.

### Example 1: Valid configuration

| Guest1 | Guest2
--- | --- | ---
adapters | 1, 2 | 1, 2
domains | 5, 6 | 7

This is valid because both guests have a unique set of APQNs:

- Guest1 has APQNs (1,5), (1,6), (2,5) and (2,6);

- Guest2 has APQNs (1,7) and (2,7).

### Example 2: Valid configuration

| Guest1 | Guest2
--- | --- | ---
adapters | 1, 2 | 3, 4
domains | 5, 6 | 5, 6

This is also valid because both guests have a unique set of APQNs:

- Guest1 has APQNs (1,5), (1,6), (2,5), (2,6);

- Guest2 has APQNs (3,5), (3,6), (4,5), (4,6)

### Example 3: Invalid configuration

| Guest1 | Guest2
--- | --- | ---
adapters | 1, 2 | 1
domains | 5, 6 | 6, 7

This is an invalid configuration because both guests have access to APQN (1,6).

## AP Matrix Configuration on Linux Host

A linux system is a guest of the LPAR in which it is running and has access to the AP resources configured for the LPAR. The LPAR’s AP matrix is configured via its Activation Profile which can be edited on the HMC. When the linux system is started, the AP bus will detect the AP devices assigned to the LPAR and create the following in sysfs:

    /sys/bus/ap
    ... [devices]
    ...... xx.yyyy
    ...... ...
    ...... cardxx
    ...... ...

Where:

`cardxx`

  is AP adapter number xx (in hex)

`xx.yyyy`

  is an APQN with xx specifying the APID and yyyy specifying the APQI

For example, if AP adapters 5 and 6 and domains 4, 71 (0x47), 171 (0xab) and 255 (0xff) are configured for the LPAR, the sysfs representation on the linux host system would look like this:

    /sys/bus/ap
    ... [devices]
    ...... 05.0004
    ...... 05.0047
    ...... 05.00ab
    ...... 05.00ff
    ...... 06.0004
    ...... 06.0047
    ...... 06.00ab
    ...... 06.00ff
    ...... card05
    ...... card06

A set of default device drivers are also created to control each type of AP device that can be assigned to the LPAR on which a linux host is running:

    /sys/bus/ap
    ... [drivers]
    ...... [cex2acard]        for Crypto Express 2/3 accelerator cards
    ...... [cex2aqueue]       for AP queues served by Crypto Express 2/3
                              accelerator cards
    ...... [cex4card]         for Crypto Express 4/5/6 accelerator and coprocessor
                              cards
    ...... [cex4queue]        for AP queues served by Crypto Express 4/5/6
                              accelerator and coprocessor cards
    ...... [pcixcccard]       for Crypto Express 2/3 coprocessor cards
    ...... [pcixccqueue]      for AP queues served by Crypto Express 2/3
                              coprocessor cards

### Binding AP devices to device drivers

There are two sysfs files that specify bitmasks marking a subset of the APQN range as ‘usable by the default AP queue device drivers’ or ‘not usable by the default device drivers’ and thus available for use by the alternate device driver(s). The sysfs locations of the masks are:

    /sys/bus/ap/apmask
    /sys/bus/ap/aqmask

The `apmask` is a 256-bit mask that identifies a set of AP adapter IDs (APID). Each bit in the mask, from left to right (i.e., from most significant to least significant bit in big endian order), corresponds to an APID from 0-255. If a bit is set, the APID is marked as usable only by the default AP queue device drivers; otherwise, the APID is usable by the vfio_ap device driver.

The `aqmask` is a 256-bit mask that identifies a set of AP queue indexes (APQI). Each bit in the mask, from left to right (i.e., from most significant to least significant bit in big endian order), corresponds to an APQI from 0-255. If a bit is set, the APQI is marked as usable only by the default AP queue device drivers; otherwise, the APQI is usable by the vfio_ap device driver.

Take, for example, the following mask:

    0x7dffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff

It indicates:

> 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7-255 belong to the default drivers’ pool, and 0 and 6 belong to the vfio_ap device driver’s pool.

The APQN of each AP queue device assigned to the linux host is checked by the AP bus against the set of APQNs derived from the cross product of APIDs and APQIs marked as usable only by the default AP queue device drivers. If a match is detected, only the default AP queue device drivers will be probed; otherwise, the vfio_ap device driver will be probed.

By default, the two masks are set to reserve all APQNs for use by the default AP queue device drivers. There are two ways the default masks can be changed:

> 1. The sysfs mask files can be edited by echoing a string into the respective sysfs mask file in one of two formats:

>    - An absolute hex string starting with 0x - like “0x12345678” - sets the mask. If the given string is shorter than the mask, it is padded with 0s on the right; for example, specifying a mask value of 0x41 is the same as specifying:

>          0x4100000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

>      Keep in mind that the mask reads from left to right (i.e., most significant to least significant bit in big endian order), so the mask above identifies device numbers 1 and 7 (`01000001`).

>      If the string is longer than the mask, the operation is terminated with an error (EINVAL).

>    - Individual bits in the mask can be switched on and off by specifying each bit number to be switched in a comma separated list. Each bit number string must be prepended with a (`+`) or minus (`-`) to indicate the corresponding bit is to be switched on (`+`) or off (`-`). Some valid values are:

>          "+0"    switches bit 0 on
>          "-13"   switches bit 13 off
>          "+0x41" switches bit 65 on
>          "-0xff" switches bit 255 off

>      The following example:

>          +0,-6,+0x47,-0xf0

>      Switches bits 0 and 71 (0x47) on Switches bits 6 and 240 (0xf0) off

>      Note that the bits not specified in the list remain as they were before the operation.

> 2. The masks can also be changed at boot time via parameters on the kernel command line like this:

>        ap.apmask=0xffff ap.aqmask=0x40

>    This would create the following masks:

>    apmask:

>        0xffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

>    aqmask:

>        0x4000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000

>    Resulting in these two pools:

>        default drivers pool:    adapter 0-15, domain 1
>        alternate drivers pool:  adapter 16-255, domains 0, 2-255

### Configuring an AP matrix for a linux guest

The sysfs interfaces for configuring an AP matrix for a guest are built on the VFIO mediated device framework. To configure an AP matrix for a guest, a mediated matrix device must first be created for the `/sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix` device. When the vfio_ap device driver is loaded, it registers with the VFIO mediated device framework. When the driver registers, the sysfs interfaces for creating mediated matrix devices is created:

    /sys/devices
    ... [vfio_ap]
    ......[matrix]
    ......... [mdev_supported_types]
    ............ [vfio_ap-passthrough]
    ............... create
    ............... [devices]

A mediated AP matrix device is created by writing a UUID to the attribute file named `create`, for example:

    uuidgen > create

or

    echo $uuid > create

When a mediated AP matrix device is created, a sysfs directory named after the UUID is created in the `devices` subdirectory:

    /sys/devices
    ... [vfio_ap]
    ......[matrix]
    ......... [mdev_supported_types]
    ............ [vfio_ap-passthrough]
    ............... create
    ............... [devices]
    .................. [$uuid]

There will also be three sets of attribute files created in the mediated matrix device’s sysfs directory to configure an AP matrix for the KVM guest:

    /sys/devices
    ... [vfio_ap]
    ......[matrix]
    ......... [mdev_supported_types]
    ............ [vfio_ap-passthrough]
    ............... create
    ............... [devices]
    .................. [$uuid]
    ..................... assign_adapter
    ..................... assign_control_domain
    ..................... assign_domain
    ..................... matrix
    ..................... unassign_adapter
    ..................... unassign_control_domain
    ..................... unassign_domain

`assign_adapter`

  To assign an AP adapter to the mediated matrix device, its APID is written to the `assign_adapter` file. This may be done multiple times to assign more than one adapter. The APID may be specified using conventional semantics as a decimal, hexadecimal, or octal number. For example, to assign adapters 4, 5 and 16 to a mediated matrix device in decimal, hexadecimal and octal respectively:

      echo 4 > assign_adapter
      echo 0x5 > assign_adapter
      echo 020 > assign_adapter

  In order to successfully assign an adapter:

  - The adapter number specified must represent a value from 0 up to the maximum adapter number allowed by the machine model. If an adapter number higher than the maximum is specified, the operation will terminate with an error (ENODEV).

  - All APQNs that can be derived from the adapter ID being assigned and the IDs of the previously assigned domains must be bound to the vfio_ap device driver. If no domains have yet been assigned, then there must be at least one APQN with the specified APID bound to the vfio_ap driver. If no such APQNs are bound to the driver, the operation will terminate with an error (EADDRNOTAVAIL).

  - No APQN that can be derived from the adapter ID and the IDs of the previously assigned domains can be assigned to another mediated matrix device. If an APQN is assigned to another mediated matrix device, the operation will terminate with an error (EADDRINUSE).

`unassign_adapter`

  To unassign an AP adapter, its APID is written to the `unassign_adapter` file. This may also be done multiple times to unassign more than one adapter.

`assign_domain`

  To assign a usage domain, the domain number is written into the `assign_domain` file. This may be done multiple times to assign more than one usage domain. The domain number is specified using conventional semantics as a decimal, hexadecimal, or octal number. For example, to assign usage domains 4, 8, and 71 to a mediated matrix device in decimal, hexadecimal and octal respectively:

      echo 4 > assign_domain
      echo 0x8 > assign_domain
      echo 0107 > assign_domain

  In order to successfully assign a domain:

  - The domain number specified must represent a value from 0 up to the maximum domain number allowed by the machine model. If a domain number higher than the maximum is specified, the operation will terminate with an error (ENODEV).

  - All APQNs that can be derived from the domain ID being assigned and the IDs of the previously assigned adapters must be bound to the vfio_ap device driver. If no domains have yet been assigned, then there must be at least one APQN with the specified APQI bound to the vfio_ap driver. If no such APQNs are bound to the driver, the operation will terminate with an error (EADDRNOTAVAIL).

  - No APQN that can be derived from the domain ID being assigned and the IDs of the previously assigned adapters can be assigned to another mediated matrix device. If an APQN is assigned to another mediated matrix device, the operation will terminate with an error (EADDRINUSE).

`unassign_domain`

  To unassign a usage domain, the domain number is written into the `unassign_domain` file. This may be done multiple times to unassign more than one usage domain.

`assign_control_domain`

  To assign a control domain, the domain number is written into the `assign_control_domain` file. This may be done multiple times to assign more than one control domain. The domain number may be specified using conventional semantics as a decimal, hexadecimal, or octal number. For example, to assign control domains 4, 8, and 71 to a mediated matrix device in decimal, hexadecimal and octal respectively:

      echo 4 > assign_domain
      echo 0x8 > assign_domain
      echo 0107 > assign_domain

  In order to successfully assign a control domain, the domain number specified must represent a value from 0 up to the maximum domain number allowed by the machine model. If a control domain number higher than the maximum is specified, the operation will terminate with an error (ENODEV).

`unassign_control_domain`

  To unassign a control domain, the domain number is written into the `unassign_domain` file. This may be done multiple times to unassign more than one control domain.

Notes: No changes to the AP matrix will be allowed while a guest using the mediated matrix device is running. Attempts to assign an adapter, domain or control domain will be rejected and an error (EBUSY) returned.

### Starting a Linux Guest Configured with an AP Matrix

To provide a mediated matrix device for use by a guest, the following option must be specified on the QEMU command line:

    -device vfio_ap,sysfsdev=$path-to-mdev

The sysfsdev parameter specifies the path to the mediated matrix device. There are a number of ways to specify this path:

    /sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/$uuid
    /sys/bus/mdev/devices/$uuid
    /sys/bus/mdev/drivers/vfio_mdev/$uuid
    /sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/mdev_supported_types/vfio_ap-passthrough/devices/$uuid

When the linux guest is started, the guest will open the mediated matrix device’s file descriptor to get information about the mediated matrix device. The `vfio_ap` device driver will update the APM, AQM, and ADM fields in the guest’s CRYCB with the adapter, usage domain and control domains assigned via the mediated matrix device’s sysfs attribute files. Programs running on the linux guest will then:

1. Have direct access to the APQNs derived from the cross product of the AP adapter numbers (APID) and queue indexes (APQI) specified in the APM and AQM fields of the guests’s CRYCB respectively. These APQNs identify the AP queues that are valid for use by the guest; meaning, AP commands can be sent by the guest to any of these queues for processing.

2. Have authorization to process AP commands to change a control domain identified in the ADM field of the guest’s CRYCB. The AP command must be sent to a valid APQN (see 1 above).

CPU model features:

Three CPU model features are available for controlling guest access to AP facilities:

1. AP facilities feature

   The AP facilities feature indicates that AP facilities are installed on the guest. This feature will be exposed for use only if the AP facilities are installed on the host system. The feature is s390-specific and is represented as a parameter of the -cpu option on the QEMU command line:

       qemu-system-s390x -cpu $model,ap=on|off

   Where:

   > `$model`

   >   is the CPU model defined for the guest (defaults to the model of the host system if not specified).

   > `ap=on|off`

   >   indicates whether AP facilities are installed (on) or not (off). The default for CPU models zEC12 or newer is `ap=on`. AP facilities must be installed on the guest if a vfio-ap device (`-device vfio-ap,sysfsdev=$path`) is configured for the guest, or the guest will fail to start.

2. Query Configuration Information (QCI) facility

   The QCI facility is used by the AP bus running on the guest to query the configuration of the AP facilities. This facility will be available only if the QCI facility is installed on the host system. The feature is s390-specific and is represented as a parameter of the -cpu option on the QEMU command line:

       qemu-system-s390x -cpu $model,apqci=on|off

   Where:

   > `$model`

   >   is the CPU model defined for the guest

   > `apqci=on|off`

   >   indicates whether the QCI facility is installed (on) or not (off). The default for CPU models zEC12 or newer is `apqci=on`; for older models, QCI will not be installed.

   >   If QCI is installed (`apqci=on`) but AP facilities are not (`ap=off`), an error message will be logged, but the guest will be allowed to start. It makes no sense to have QCI installed if the AP facilities are not; this is considered an invalid configuration.

   >   If the QCI facility is not installed, APQNs with an APQI greater than 15 will not be detected by the AP bus running on the guest.

3. Adjunct Process Facility Test (APFT) facility

   The APFT facility is used by the AP bus running on the guest to test the AP facilities available for a given AP queue. This facility will be available only if the APFT facility is installed on the host system. The feature is s390-specific and is represented as a parameter of the -cpu option on the QEMU command line:

       qemu-system-s390x -cpu $model,apft=on|off

   Where:

   > `$model`

   >   is the CPU model defined for the guest (defaults to the model of the host system if not specified).

   > `apft=on|off`

   >   indicates whether the APFT facility is installed (on) or not (off). The default for CPU models zEC12 and newer is `apft=on` for older models, APFT will not be installed.

   >   If APFT is installed (`apft=on`) but AP facilities are not (`ap=off`), an error message will be logged, but the guest will be allowed to start. It makes no sense to have APFT installed if the AP facilities are not; this is considered an invalid configuration.

   >   It also makes no sense to turn APFT off because the AP bus running on the guest will not detect CEX4 and newer devices without it. Since only CEX4 and newer devices are supported for guest usage, no AP devices can be made accessible to a guest started without APFT installed.

### Hot plug a vfio-ap device into a running guest

Only one vfio-ap device can be attached to the virtual machine’s ap-bus, so a vfio-ap device can be hot plugged if and only if no vfio-ap device is attached to the bus already, whether via the QEMU command line or a prior hot plug action.

To hot plug a vfio-ap device, use the QEMU `device_add` command:

    (qemu) device_add vfio-ap,sysfsdev="$path-to-mdev",id="$id"

Where the `$path-to-mdev` value specifies the absolute path to a mediated device to which AP resources to be used by the guest have been assigned. `$id` is the name value for the optional id parameter.

Note that on Linux guests, the AP devices will be created in the `/sys/bus/ap/devices` directory when the AP bus subsequently performs its periodic scan, so there may be a short delay before the AP devices are accessible on the guest.

The command will fail if:

- A vfio-ap device has already been attached to the virtual machine’s ap-bus.

- The CPU model features for controlling guest access to AP facilities are not enabled (see ‘CPU model features’ subsection in the previous section).

### Hot unplug a vfio-ap device from a running guest

A vfio-ap device can be unplugged from a running KVM guest if a vfio-ap device has been attached to the virtual machine’s ap-bus via the QEMU command line or a prior hot plug action.

To hot unplug a vfio-ap device, use the QEMU `device_del` command:

    (qemu) device_del "$id"

Where `$id` is the same id that was specified at device creation.

On a Linux guest, the AP devices will be removed from the `/sys/bus/ap/devices` directory on the guest when the AP bus subsequently performs its periodic scan, so there may be a short delay before the AP devices are no longer accessible by the guest.

The command will fail if the `$path-to-mdev` specified on the `device_del` command does not match the value specified when the vfio-ap device was attached to the virtual machine’s ap-bus.

## Example: Configure AP Matrices for Three Linux Guests

Let’s now provide an example to illustrate how KVM guests may be given access to AP facilities. For this example, we will show how to configure three guests such that executing the lszcrypt command on the guests would look like this:

Guest1:

    CARD.DOMAIN TYPE  MODE
    ------------------------------
    05          CEX5C CCA-Coproc
    05.0004     CEX5C CCA-Coproc
    05.00ab     CEX5C CCA-Coproc
    06          CEX5A Accelerator
    06.0004     CEX5A Accelerator
    06.00ab     CEX5C CCA-Coproc

Guest2:

    CARD.DOMAIN TYPE  MODE
    ------------------------------
    05          CEX5A Accelerator
    05.0047     CEX5A Accelerator
    05.00ff     CEX5A Accelerator

Guest3:

    CARD.DOMAIN TYPE  MODE
    ------------------------------
    06          CEX5A Accelerator
    06.0047     CEX5A Accelerator
    06.00ff     CEX5A Accelerator

These are the steps:

1. Install the vfio_ap module on the linux host. The dependency chain for the vfio_ap module is:

   - iommu

   - s390

   - zcrypt

   - vfio

   - vfio_mdev

   - vfio_mdev_device

   - KVM

   To build the vfio_ap module, the kernel build must be configured with the following Kconfig elements selected:

   - IOMMU_SUPPORT

   - S390

   - ZCRYPT

   - S390_AP_IOMMU

   - VFIO

   - VFIO_MDEV

   - VFIO_MDEV_DEVICE

   - KVM

   If using make menuconfig select the following to build the vfio_ap module::
     -> Device Drivers
       -> IOMMU Hardware Support

         select S390 AP IOMMU Support

       -> VFIO Non-Privileged userspace driver framework
         -> Mediated device driver framework

           -> VFIO driver for Mediated devices

     -> I/O subsystem

       -> VFIO support for AP devices

2. Secure the AP queues to be used by the three guests so that the host can not access them. To secure the AP queues 05.0004, 05.0047, 05.00ab, 05.00ff, 06.0004, 06.0047, 06.00ab, and 06.00ff for use by the vfio_ap device driver, the corresponding APQNs must be removed from the default queue drivers pool as follows:

       echo -5,-6 > /sys/bus/ap/apmask

       echo -4,-0x47,-0xab,-0xff > /sys/bus/ap/aqmask

   This will result in AP queues 05.0004, 05.0047, 05.00ab, 05.00ff, 06.0004, 06.0047, 06.00ab, and 06.00ff getting bound to the vfio_ap device driver. The sysfs directory for the vfio_ap device driver will now contain symbolic links to the AP queue devices bound to it:

       /sys/bus/ap
       ... [drivers]
       ...... [vfio_ap]
       ......... [05.0004]
       ......... [05.0047]
       ......... [05.00ab]
       ......... [05.00ff]
       ......... [06.0004]
       ......... [06.0047]
       ......... [06.00ab]
       ......... [06.00ff]

   Keep in mind that only type 10 and newer adapters (i.e., CEX4 and later) can be bound to the vfio_ap device driver. The reason for this is to simplify the implementation by not needlessly complicating the design by supporting older devices that will go out of service in the relatively near future, and for which there are few older systems on which to test.

   The administrator, therefore, must take care to secure only AP queues that can be bound to the vfio_ap device driver. The device type for a given AP queue device can be read from the parent card’s sysfs directory. For example, to see the hardware type of the queue 05.0004:

       cat /sys/bus/ap/devices/card05/hwtype

   The hwtype must be 10 or higher (CEX4 or newer) in order to be bound to the vfio_ap device driver.

3. Create the mediated devices needed to configure the AP matrixes for the three guests and to provide an interface to the vfio_ap driver for use by the guests:

       /sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/
       ... [mdev_supported_types]
       ...... [vfio_ap-passthrough] (passthrough mediated matrix device type)
       ......... create
       ......... [devices]

   To create the mediated devices for the three guests:

       uuidgen > create
       uuidgen > create
       uuidgen > create

   or

       echo $uuid1 > create
       echo $uuid2 > create
       echo $uuid3 > create

   This will create three mediated devices in the [devices] subdirectory named after the UUID used to create the mediated device. We’ll call them $uuid1, $uuid2 and $uuid3 and this is the sysfs directory structure after creation:

       /sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/
       ... [mdev_supported_types]
       ...... [vfio_ap-passthrough]
       ......... [devices]
       ............ [$uuid1]
       ............... assign_adapter
       ............... assign_control_domain
       ............... assign_domain
       ............... matrix
       ............... unassign_adapter
       ............... unassign_control_domain
       ............... unassign_domain

       ............ [$uuid2]
       ............... assign_adapter
       ............... assign_control_domain
       ............... assign_domain
       ............... matrix
       ............... unassign_adapter
       ............... unassign_control_domain
       ............... unassign_domain

       ............ [$uuid3]
       ............... assign_adapter
       ............... assign_control_domain
       ............... assign_domain
       ............... matrix
       ............... unassign_adapter
       ............... unassign_control_domain
       ............... unassign_domain

4. The administrator now needs to configure the matrixes for the mediated devices $uuid1 (for Guest1), $uuid2 (for Guest2) and $uuid3 (for Guest3).

   This is how the matrix is configured for Guest1:

       echo 5 > assign_adapter
       echo 6 > assign_adapter
       echo 4 > assign_domain
       echo 0xab > assign_domain

   Control domains can similarly be assigned using the assign_control_domain sysfs file.

   If a mistake is made configuring an adapter, domain or control domain, you can use the `unassign_xxx` interfaces to unassign the adapter, domain or control domain.

   To display the matrix configuration for Guest1:

       cat matrix

   The output will display the APQNs in the format `xx.yyyy`, where xx is the adapter number and yyyy is the domain number. The output for Guest1 will look like this:

       05.0004
       05.00ab
       06.0004
       06.00ab

   This is how the matrix is configured for Guest2:

       echo 5 > assign_adapter
       echo 0x47 > assign_domain
       echo 0xff > assign_domain

   This is how the matrix is configured for Guest3:

       echo 6 > assign_adapter
       echo 0x47 > assign_domain
       echo 0xff > assign_domain

5. Start Guest1:

       /usr/bin/qemu-system-s390x ... -cpu host,ap=on,apqci=on,apft=on -device vfio-ap,sysfsdev=/sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/$uuid1 ...

7. Start Guest2:

       /usr/bin/qemu-system-s390x ... -cpu host,ap=on,apqci=on,apft=on -device vfio-ap,sysfsdev=/sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/$uuid2 ...

7. Start Guest3:

       /usr/bin/qemu-system-s390x ... -cpu host,ap=on,apqci=on,apft=on -device vfio-ap,sysfsdev=/sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/$uuid3 ...

When the guest is shut down, the mediated matrix devices may be removed.

Using our example again, to remove the mediated matrix device $uuid1:

    /sys/devices/vfio_ap/matrix/
    ... [mdev_supported_types]
    ...... [vfio_ap-passthrough]
    ......... [devices]
    ............ [$uuid1]
    ............... remove

    echo 1 > remove

This will remove all of the mdev matrix device’s sysfs structures including the mdev device itself. To recreate and reconfigure the mdev matrix device, all of the steps starting with step 3 will have to be performed again. Note that the remove will fail if a guest using the mdev is still running.

It is not necessary to remove an mdev matrix device, but one may want to remove it if no guest will use it during the remaining lifetime of the linux host. If the mdev matrix device is removed, one may want to also reconfigure the pool of adapters and queues reserved for use by the default drivers.

## Limitations

- The KVM/kernel interfaces do not provide a way to prevent restoring an APQN to the default drivers pool of a queue that is still assigned to a mediated device in use by a guest. It is incumbent upon the administrator to ensure there is no mediated device in use by a guest to which the APQN is assigned lest the host be given access to the private data of the AP queue device, such as a private key configured specifically for the guest.

- Dynamically assigning AP resources to or unassigning AP resources from a mediated matrix device - see Configuring an AP matrix for a linux guest section above - while a running guest is using it is currently not supported.

- Live guest migration is not supported for guests using AP devices. If a guest is using AP devices, the vfio-ap device configured for the guest must be unplugged before migrating the guest (see Hot unplug a vfio-ap device from a running guest section above.)